Preface xiiiFundamental Constants xvii
1 Growth of Bulk, Thin Films, and Nanomaterials 1
1.1 Introduction, 1
1.2 Growth of Bulk Semiconductors, 5
1.2.1 Liquid-Encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) Method, 5
1.2.2 Horizontal Bridgman Method, 11
1.2.3 Float-Zone Growth Method, 14
1.2.4 Lely Growth Method, 16
1.3 Growth of Semiconductor Thin Films, 18
1.3.1 Liquid-Phase Epitaxy Method, 19
1.3.2 Vapor-Phase Epitaxy Method, 20
1.3.3 Hydride Vapor-Phase Epitaxial Growth of Thick GaN Layers, 22
1.3.4 Pulsed Laser Deposition Technique, 25
1.3.5 Molecular Beam Epitaxy Growth Technique, 27
1.4 Fabrication and Growth of Semiconductor Nanomaterials, 46
1.4.1 Nucleation, 47
1.4.2 Fabrications of Quantum Dots, 55
1.4.3 Epitaxial Growth of Self-Assembly Quantum Dots, 56
1.5 Colloidal Growth of Nanocrystals, 61
1.6 Summary, 63
Problems, 64
Bibliography, 67
2 Application of Quantum Mechanics to Nanomaterial Structures 68
2.1 Introduction, 68
2.2 The de Broglie Relation, 71
2.3 Wave Functions and Schrodinger Equation, 72
2.4 Dirac Notation, 74
2.4.1 Action of a Linear Operator on aBra, 77
2.4.2 Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions of an Operator, 78
2.4.3 The Dirac-Function, 78
2.4.4 Fourier Series and Fourier Transform in Quantum Mechanics, 81
2.5 Variational Method, 82
2.6 Stationary States of a Particle in a Potential Step, 83
2.7 Potential Barrier with a Finite Height, 88
2.8 Potential Well with an Infinite Depth, 92
2.9 Finite Depth Potential Well, 94
2.10 Unbound Motion of a Particle(E> V0) in a Potential Well With a Finite Depth, 98
2.11 Triangular Potential Well, 100
2.12 Delta Function Potentials, 103
2.13 Transmission in Finite Double Barrier Potential Wells, 108
2.14 Envelope Function Approximation, 112
2.15 Periodic Potential, 117
2.15.1 Blochs Theorem, 119
2.15.2 The KronigPenney Model, 119
2.15.3 One-Electron Approximation in a Periodic Dirac-Function, 123
2.15.4 Superlattices, 126
2.16 Effective Mass, 130
2.17 Summary, 131
Problems, 132
Bibliography, 134
3 Density of States in Semiconductor Materials 135
3.1 Introduction, 135
3.2 Distribution Functions, 138
3.3 MaxwellBoltzmann Statistic, 139
3.4 FermiDirac Statistics, 142
3.5 BoseEinstein Statistics, 145
3.6 Density of States, 146
3.7 Density of States of Quantum Wells, Wires, and Dots, 152
3.7.1 Quantum Wells, 152
3.7.2 Quantum Wires, 155
3.7.3 Quantum Dots, 158
3.8 Density of States of Other Systems, 159
3.8.1 Superlattices, 160
3.8.2 Density of States of Bulk Electrons in the Presence of a Magnetic Field, 161
3.8.3 Density of States in the Presence of an Electric Field, 163
3.9 Summary, 168
Problems, 168
Bibliography, 170
4 Optical Properties 171
4.1 Fundamentals, 172
4.2 Lorentz and Drude Models, 176
4.3 The Optical Absorption Coefficient of the Interband Transition in Direct Band Gap Semiconductors, 179
4.4 The Optical Absorption Coefficient of the Interband Transition in Indirect Band Gap Semiconductors, 185
4.5 The Optical Absorption Coefficient of the Interband Transition in Quantum Wells, 186
4.6 The Optical Absorption Coefficient of the Interband Transition in Type II Superlattices, 189
4.7 The Optical Absorption Coefficient of the Intersubband Transition in Multiple Quantum Wells, 191
4.8 The Optical Absorption Coefficient of the Intersubband Transition in GaN/AlGaN Multiple Quantum Wells, 196
4.9 Electronic Transitions in Multiple Quantum Dots, 197
4.10 Selection Rules, 201
4.10.1 ElectronPhoton Coupling of Intersubband Transitions in Multiple Quantum Wells, 201
4.10.2 Intersubband Transition in Multiple Quantum Wells, 202
4.10.3 Interband Transition, 202
4.11 Excitons, 204
4.11.1 Excitons in Bulk Semiconductors, 205
4.11.2 Excitons in Quantum Wells, 211
4.11.3 Excitons in Quantum Dots, 213
4.12 Cyclotron Resonance, 214
4.13 Photoluminescence, 220
4.14 Basic Concepts of Photoconductivity, 225
4.15 Summary, 229
Problems, 230
Bibliography, 232
5 Electrical and Transport Properties 233
5.1 Introduction, 233
5.2 The Hall Effect, 237
5.3 Quantum Hall and Shubnikov-de Haas Effects, 241
5.3.1 Shubnikov-de Haas Effect, 243
5.3.2 Quantum Hall Effect, 246
5.4 Charge Carrier Transport in Bulk Semiconductors, 249
5.4.1 Drift Current Density, 249
5.4.2 Diffusion Current Density, 254
5.4.3 Generation and Recombination, 257
5.4.4 Continuity Equation, 259
5.5 Boltzmann Transport Equation, 264
5.6 Derivation of Transport Coefficients Using the Boltzmann Transport Equation, 268
5.6.1 Electrical Conductivity and Mobility in n-type Semiconductors, 270
5.6.2 Hall Coefficient,RH, 273
5.7 Scattering Mechanisms in Bulk Semiconductors, 274
5.7.1 Scattering from an Ionized Impurity, 276
5.7.2 Scattering from a Neutral Impurity, 277
5.7.3 Scattering from Acoustic Phonons: Deformation Potential, 277
5.7.4 Scattering from Acoustic Phonons: Piezoelectric Potential, 278
5.7.5 Optical Phonon Scattering: Polar and Nonpolar, 278
5.7.6 Scattering from Short-Range Potentials, 279
5.7.7 Scattering from Dipoles, 281
5.8 Scattering in a Two-Dimensional Electron Gas, 281
5.8.1 Scattering by Remote Ionized Impurities, 283
5.8.2 Scattering by Interface Roughness, 285
5.8.3 ElectronElectron Scattering, 286
5.9 Coherence and Mesoscopic Systems, 287
5.10 Summary, 293
Problems, 294
Bibliography, 297
6 Electronic Devices 298
6.1 Introduction, 298
6.2 Schottky Diode, 301
6.3 MetalSemiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MESFETs), 305
6.4 Junction Field-Effect Transistor (JFET), 314
6.5 Heterojunction Field-Effect Transistors (HFETs), 318
6.6 GaN/AlGaN Heterojunction Field-Effect Transistors (HFETs), 322
6.7 Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors (HBTs), 325
6.8 Tunneling Electron Transistors, 328
6.9 The pn Junction Tunneling Diode, 329
6.10 Resonant Tunneling Diodes, 334
6.11 Coulomb Blockade, 338
6.12 Single-Electron Transistor, 340
6.13 Summary, 353
Problems, 354
Bibliography, 357
7 Optoelectronic Devices 359
7.1 Introduction, 359
7.2 Infrared Quantum Detectors, 361
7.2.1 Figures of Merit, 361
7.2.2 Noise in Photodetectors, 366
7.2.3 Multiple Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors (QWIPs), 369
7.2.4 Infrared Photodetectors Based on Multiple Quantum Dots, 380
7.3 Light-Emitting Diodes, 387
7.4 Semiconductor Lasers, 392
7.4.1 Basic Principles, 392
7.4.2 Semiconductor Heterojunction Lasers, 399
7.4.3 Quantum Well Edge-Emitting Lasers, 403
7.4.4 Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers, 406
7.4.5 Quantum Cascade Lasers, 409
7.4.6 Quantum Dots Lasers, 412
7.5 Summary, 416
Problems, 418
Bibliography, 419
Appendix A Derivation of Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 420
Appendix B Perturbation 424
Bibliography, 428
Appendix C Angular Momentum 429
Appendix D Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) Approximation 431
Bibliography, 436
Appendix E Parabolic Potential Well 437
Bibliography, 441
Appendix F Transmission Coefficient in Superlattices 442
Appendix G Lattice Vibrations and Phonons 445
Bibliography, 455
Appendix H Tunneling Through Potential Barriers 456
Bibliography, 461
Index 463
