This publication, consisting of four volumes, is probably the most comprehensive database on juvenile justice systems in Europe. The first edition of the book (2010) was a great success.Therefore we decided to edit a second revised edition. We avoided a general update of statistical data and we considered new developments such as the Scottish law reform (2010) raising of the age of criminal prosecution from 8 to 12 and the reform in Greece (2010) raising the age of criminal responsibility from 13 to 15. We also thought that new discussions in England and Wales about "a fresh start" in order to overcome the "neo-correctionalist" approach as defined and criticized by Dignan and Cavadino (2006) are at least worth mentioning. Therefore we added an editorial note to the chapter on England and Wales. Further country reports with minor amendments are Austria, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Portugal, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine. The influence of international human rights standards are clearly visible in recent jurisprudence and reform laws in Germany and Greece. The recent developments in many European countries support the general conclusions of the comparative research results gathered in the four present volumes.