"The failure of Liberalism" in Germany and its responsibility for the rise of Nazism has been widely discussed among scholars inside and outside Germany. This author argues that German liberalism failed because of the irreconcilable conflict between two competing visions of German identity. In following the German liberal parties from the Empire through the Third Reich Kurlander illustrates convincingly how an exclusionary racist Weltanschauung, conditioned by profound transformations in German political culture at large, gradually displaced the liberal-universalist conception of a democratic Rechtsstaat. Although there were some notable exceptions, this widespread obsession with "racial community [Volksgemeinschaft]" caused the liberal parties to succumb to ideological lassitude and self-contradiction, paving the way for National Socialism.

Eric Kurlander received his PhD from Harvard University and is nowAssistant Professor of Modern European History at Stetson University. He has published articles on liberalism, anti-Semitism and political culture in Imperial and Weimar Germany, he authored a book studying the fate of bourgeois republicans in the Third Reich,Living With Hitler: Liberal Democrats Between Resistance and Collaboration, 1933-1945 (Yale UP, 2009).

Acknowledgments

Introduction

Chapter 1. The Genesis of Völkisch Liberalism in Schleswig-Holstein, 18981918

Introduction Völkisch and Universalist Paradigms of Regional Identity A National and Social Liberalism The Schucking Affair and Breaking the Bulow Bloc, 19071912 Nationalism, Ethnic Preoccupations, and the Coming of War Conclusion

Chapter 2. Decisive Liberalism and the Challenges of Völkisch-Nationalism in Silesia, 1898-1918

Introduction Jews, Poles, and Other Silesians Decisive Liberalism Challenged, 18981907 A Liberalism Which Does Not Deserve Its Name The Divisiveness of Total War Conclusion

Chapter 3. Republican Particularism and the Creation of an Alsatian Liberal Counterculture, 1898-1918

Introduction The Origins of Republican Particularism Liberal Unity and the End of Opposition, 18981907 Striking A Blow for Progress: The Fortschrittspartei Takes the Reins Alsace at War Conclusion

Chapter 4. The Strengths and Weaknesses of Völkisch Liberalism in Schleswig-Holstein, 1918-1933

Introduction The Apotheosis of Völkisch Liberalism The Challenges of Preserving Liberal Democracy, 19181924 Völkisch Liberalism and the Burgerblock, 19241928 Völkisch Liberalism on the Brink, 19281933 Conclusion

Chapter 5. The Price of Universalism in Weimar Silesia, 19181933

Introduction Völkisch Ideologies and Universalist Minorities within Silesian Liberalism Decisive Liberalism Divided, 19191922 Solidarity and Decline, 19221928 The Search for Alternatives: A Last Chance for Silesian Liberalism Conclusion

Chapter 6.The Victory of Republican Particularism in Alsace, 19181933

Introduction The Question of Autonomy: Race, Culture, and Identity in the Third Republic Be Careful What You Wish For: The Liberals Embrace the Republic The Autonomist Challenge 19241930 The Republican Settlement 19301933 Conclusion

Conclusion

Bibliography
Index