The immune system distinguishes two groups of foreign substances. One group consists of antigens that are freely circulating in the body. These include molecules, viruses, and foreign cells. A second group consists of self cells that display aberrant MHC proteins. Depending on the kind of foreign invasion, two different immune responses occur: The humoral response (or antibodymediated response) involves B cells that recognize antigens or pathogens that are circulating in the lymph or blood (humor is a medieval term for body fluid). The cellmediated response involves mostly T cells and responds to any cell that displays aberrant MHC markers, including cells invaded by pathogens, tumor cells, or transplanted cells.

Alyaa Ahmed Farid, Associate Professor of Immunology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University. Born on 15 August 1978, Egypt. B.Sc in Chemistry- Zoology, M.SC and Ph.D in Immunology.

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