This handbook explores anti-communism as an overarching phenomenon of twentieth-century global history, showing how anti-communist policies and practices transformed societies around the world. It advances research on anti-communism by looking beyond ideologies and propaganda to uncover how these ideas were put into practice. Case studies examine the role of states and non-state actors in anti-communist persecutions, and cover a range of topics, including social crises, capitalist accumulation and dispossession, political clientelism and warfare. Through its comparative perspective, the handbook reveals striking similarities between different cases from various world regions and highlights the numerous long-term consequences of anti-communism that exceeded by far the struggle against communism in a narrow sense. Contributing to the growing body of work on the social history of mass violence, this volume is an essential resource for students and scholars interested to understand how twentieth-century anti-communist persecutions have shaped societies around the world today.

Chapter 7 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Christian Gerlach is Professor of Contemporary History at the University of Bern, Switzerland. He is a global historian whose research covers Nazi Germany and World War II, comparative mass violence, and the history of food, hunger and development policies. He is author ofThe Extermination of the European Jews (2016),Extremely Violent Societies: Mass Violence in the Twentieth-Century World(2010),The Last Chapter: Realpolitik, Ideology and the Murder of Hungarian Jews(with Götz Aly, 2002),Calculated Murder: The German Economic and Extermination Policy in Belarus (1999) andWar, Food, Genocide: Studies on the German Extermination Policy in World War II(1998). His publications have appeared in eleven languages.
Clemens Six is Associate Professor of Contemporary History at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands. His research and teaching interests include politics and religion in 20th century Southand Southeast Asia, transnational secularism studies, global intellectual history since 1945, and the history of international development cooperation. He is the author ofSecularism, Decolonisation and the Cold War in South and South East Asia (2018) andSpectacular Politics: Performative nation-building and religion in modern India (2010).

1. Introduction: Anti-Communist Persecutions in The 20th Century- Christian Gerlach.- Part I: Policies and Practices of Persecution.- 2. The Smith Act Trials and Systemic Violence: Anti-Communist Persecution and Prosecution in America, 1949-1957- Barbara J. Falk.- 3. The Continuities and Discontinuities of Anti-Leftist State Persecution in Modern Japan- Frank Jacob.- 4. Francos Anti-Communist Judicial System: Results and Solutions of Spanish Transitional Justice- Daniel Vallès Muñío.- 5. Laboratories of The Conditio Humana: The Role of Communism in Greek and Argentine Torture Centers During Their Last Military Dictatorships- Janis Nalbadidacis.- 6. Maoist Insurgency and The States Counterinsurgency in India: An Anti-Anti-Communist Historical Perspective- Bernard Dmello and Gautam Navlakha.- 7.Getting Hold of a Universe of Conspirators: Anti-Communist Panic, Fears of Subversion, and the Routine of Repression in Senegals Early Postcolonial Secret Police (The Sûreté), 19621965- Alexander Keese.- Part II: Anti-Communism in The Context of Nation-Building, Race and Religion.- 8. How Anti-Communism Disrupted Decolonization: South Koreas State-Building Under US Patronage- Dong-Choon Kim.- 9. Redefining The Outsider: Anti-Communist Narratives and the Student Massacre in Tlatelolco (1968)- Elisa Kriza.- 10.The Black and Red Scare in the 20th Century United States- Robbie Lieberman.- 11. Christian Agency in Anti-Communist Persecution? British-Malaya and Indonesia in the 1950s and 1960s- Clemens Six.- Part III: Anti-Communist Persecution and New Models of Capital Accumulation.- 12. Killing Communists: Stalinist Repression and the Great Terror in the Soviet Union- Wendy Z. Goldman.- 13.Nation-Building as Anti-Communist Violence: The Armed Forces in Cold War Argentina- James H. Shrader.- Part IV: The Role of Non-State Actors.- 14. Non-State Anti-Communism and Political Violence in Argentina and Uruguay, 1958-1973- Ernesto Bohoslavsky and Magdalena Broquetas.-15. The Religious Justification of Anti-Communist Persecutions in Greece (1920-1949)- Amaryllis Logotheti.- 16. From World War One to The Vanguard of Nazism? A Statistical Approach to the History of German Paramilitarism- Jan-Philipp Pomplun.- 17. The Persecution of Communists in Maos China- Ning Wang.- 18. A Short History of Anti-Communist Violence in Colombia (1930-2018): Rupture with the Past or Rebranding?- Andrei Gomez-Suarez.- Part V: Responses of the Persecuted.- 19. So That They Leave the Prison Cage as Conscious Revolutionaries: How Polish Communists Used Prison- Padraic Kenney.- 20. Women, Communism, and Repression in Interwar Poland: 1918-1939- Natalia Jarska.- 21. Indonesian Narratives of Survival in and after 1965 and their Relation to Societal Persecution- Christian Gerlach.- 22. Remembering Anticommunist Violence in Rural Society in Indonesia: Patronage, Agricultural Transformation, and the Legacy of Violence- Grace Leksana.- 23.The Left in Turkey: Emergence, Persecutions and Left-Wing Memory Work- Berna Pekesen.- Part VI: Concluding Remarks.- 24.Anti-Communism Between Globe-Spanning Processes and Local Peculiarities- Clemens Six.