FUNDAMENTALS OF
CONSERVATION BIOLOGYThis book is about hope in the face of forces that would degrade our world. This book is about the rich tapestry of life that shares our world now and about how we can maintain it, sometimes in places that we protect and set aside, more often in places where we share the lands and waters with a wide range of other species.
For more than 30 years,Fundamentals of Conservation Biology has been a valued mainstay of the literature, serving both to introduce new students to this ever-changing topic, and to provide an essential resource for academics and researchers working in the discipline. In the decade since the publication of the third edition, concerns about humanitys efforts to conserve the natural world have only grown deeper, as new threats to biodiversity continue to emerge.
This fourth edition has taken into account a vast new literature, and boasts nearly a thousand new references as a result. By embracing new theory and practice and documenting many examples of both conservation successes and the hard lessons of real-world wicked environmental problems,Fundamentals of Conservation Biology remains a vital resource for biologists, conservationists, ecologists, environmentalists, and others.
List of Case Studies ix
Preface x
Acknowledgments xiii
About the Companion Website xiv
Part I Biodiversity and Its Importance 3
1Conservation and Conservation Biology 4
What is Conservation? 4
A Brief History of Conservation 6
An Overview of Conservation Ethics 10
What is Conservation Biology? 13
A Brief History of Conservation Biology 15
Summary 19
2What is Biodiversity? 21
Species, Genes, and Ecosystems 22
Structure and Function 23
Measuring Biodiversity 24
The Mismeasure of Biodiversity 26
Biodiversity and Spatial Scales 26
Biodiversity Verbs 30
The Related Concepts of Integrity and Sustainability 31
Summary 33
3Species Diversity 35
What is a Species? 35
How Many Species Are There? 37
The Intrinsic Value of Species and Their Conservation Status 39
The Instrumental Values of Species 46
The Uniqueness Value of Species 62
Summary 65
4Ecosystem Diversity 67
What is an Ecosystem? 67
The Values of Ecosystems 71
Ecosystem Diversity and Species Diversity 80
Ecosystems and Landscapes 85
Summary 88
5Genetic Diversity 90
What is Genetic Diversity? 90
The Importance of Genetic Diversity 101
Processes That Diminish Genetic Diversity 110
Cultural Diversity 117
Summary 124
Part II Threats to Biodiversity 129
6Mass Extinctions and Global Change 130
Extinction Episodes of the Past 131
Estimating the Current Rate of Extinction 135
The Recent History of Global Climate Change 139
How Did We Get to this Point? What is the Way Ahead? 150
Summary 152
7Extinction Processes 154
Why Are Some Species More Vulnerable to Extinction than Others? 154
Populations 161
Population Viability Analysis 166
Summary 177
8Ecosystem Degradation and Loss 179
Contamination 183
Roads, Dams, and Other Structures 189
Earth, Fire, Water 195
Deforestation 198
Desertification 204
Draining, Dredging, Damming, Etc. 206
Fragmentation 211
Summary 221
9Overexploitation 223
The Long History of Overexploitation 223
Types of Exploitation 230
Consequences of Overexploitation 238
Some Final Perspectives on Exploitation 243
Summary 249
10Invasive Exotics 251
How Do Species Move? 252
Impacts of Invasive Exotics 261
Success Rates 269
Irony 271
Summary 277
Part III Maintaining Biodiversity 279
11Protecting Ecosystems 280
Reserve Selection 281
Reserve Design 290
Reserve Management 299
Summary 307
12Sustaining Ecosystems 309
Forestry 310
Livestock Grazing 316
Fisheries 322
Ecological Management 325
Restoring Ecosystems 325
Summary 337
13Managing Populations 338
Providing Resources 339
Controlling Threats 348
Direct Manipulations 364
Epilogue 376
Summary 378
14Conservation near People 381
Cultivated Ecosystems 382
Built Ecosystems 391
Zoos and Gardens 396
TheEx SituIn SituInterface 405
Conservation of Domesticated Species 410
Summary 414
Part IV The Human Factors 419
15Social Factors 420
Values Differ 420
Describing Values 431
Values Change 434
Summary 443
16Economics 445
The Benefits 446
The Costs 456
The Distribution of Benefits and Costs 459
Problems and Solutions 461
Summary 481
17Politics and Action 483
Setting Priorities for Action 483
Rights and Responsibilities 493
International Agencies 496
Governments 501
Nongovernmental Organizations 505
Corporations 508
Communities 510
Individuals 512
Summary 517
Epilogue 520
Glossary 522
Literature Cited 536
Species Index 631
Subject Index 643
