The aim of the book is to educate government agencies, operators, vendors and other regulatory institutions how LTE can be deployed to serve public safety market and offer regulatory / public safety features. It is written in such a way that it can be understood by both technical and non-technical personnel with just introductory knowledge in wireless communication. Some sections and chapters about public safety services offered by LTE network are intended to be understood by anyone with no knowledge in wireless communication.

Foreword xi

About the Authors xiii

Preface xv

Acknowledgments xvii

Introduction xix

Terminology xxi

1 Introduction to LTE/SAE 1

1.1 Role of 3GPP 1

1.2 History of LTE 3

1.3 Drivers for LTE 5

1.4 EPS compared to GPRS and UMTS 6

1.5 Spectrum Considerations 7

1.6 Network Architecture 9

1.6.1 Radio Access Network and Core Network 9

1.6.2 Architecture Principles 9

1.6.3 Non-roaming Architecture 10

1.6.4 Roaming Architectures 11

1.6.5 Description of Functional Entities 12

1.6.6 Session Management 17

1.6.7 Policy and Charging Control 19

1.6.8 Interfaces and Protocols in EPS 21

1.6.9 Mobility Management 26

1.6.10 Intra E-UTRAN Handover 30

1.6.11 Security 31

1.6.12 Charging 34

1.7 IP Multimedia Subsystem 38

1.7.1 Summary of Reference Points and Protocols 40

1.8 Voice and SMS in LTE 41

1.8.1 Voice 41

1.8.2 Short Message Service 42

1.9 Interworking with 2G/3G Networks 43

1.9.1 Overview 43

1.9.2 Interworking with Legacy Networks 43

1.9.3 Functional Description 43

1.10 Interworking with Non-3GPP Access Networks 44

1.10.1 Summary of Reference Points and Protocols 47

1.11 Network Sharing 48

1.11.1 UE-Based Network Selection 49

1.11.2 RAN-Based Network Selection 49

1.12 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service 50

1.12.1 Principles 50

1.12.2 Description of Functional Entities 51

1.12.3 MBMS Enhancements 52

1.12.4 MBSFN and MBMS Radio Channels 53

1.13 Terms and Definitions 54

1.13.1 Roaming 54

1.13.2 Circuit-Switched and Packet-Switched Networks 55

1.13.3 Access Stratum and Non-Access Stratum 55

References 56

2 Regulatory Features 59

2.1 Emergency Calls 59

2.1.1 Overview 59

2.1.2 Requirements 59

2.1.3 Emergency Call Architecture 60

2.1.4 PSAP Callback 68

2.1.5 Emergency Numbers 68

2.1.6 Non Voice Emergency Services 69

2.1.7 Automated Emergency Calls 69

2.2 Public Warning System 71

2.3 Lawful Interception 72

2.3.1 Principles 72

2.3.2 Lawful Interception for EPS 74

2.4 Enhanced Multimedia Priority Services 74

References 76

3 LTE for Public Safety Networks 77

3.1 Why LTE for Public Safety Networks? 77

3.2 What are Public Safety Networks? 78

3.3 LTE meets Demands of Public Safety Networks 79

3.4 Wide Range of LTE Devices for Public Safety 80

3.5 Standalone versus Shared Deployments 81

3.6 Interworking 83

3.6.1 Device Aspects 83

3.6.2 Network Aspects 83

References 83

4 Proximity Services 85

4.1 Introduction to Proximity Services 85

4.1.1 Proximity Services Overview 85

4.1.2 ProSe Communication 86

4.1.3 ProSe Discovery 88

4.1.4 ProSe for Public Safety 88

4.2 Proximity Services Architectures 90

4.2.1 Non-roaming Architecture 90

4.2.2 Inter-PLMN Architecture 91

4.2.3 Roaming Architecture 91

4.2.4 Description of Functional Entities 93

4.2.5 Interfaces and Protocols 97

4.3 Synchronization 104

4.3.1 LTE Primary and Secondary Synchronization Signals 106

4.3.2 LTE D2D Synchronization 107

4.4 Service Authorization 108

4.5 ProSe Direct Discovery 109

4.5.1 ProSe Direct Discovery Models 110

4.5.2 ProSe Direct Discovery Modes 110

4.5.3 Direct Discovery Procedure for Model A 111

4.5.4 Radio Aspects and Physical Layer Design 112

4.5.5 Radio Resource Allocation for Direct Discovery 112

4.5.6 Inter-frequency ProSe Discovery 113

4.5.7 Announce Procedure (non-roaming) 114

4.5.8 Announce Procedure (roaming) 115

4.5.9 Monitor Procedure (non-roaming) 117

4.5.10 Monitor Procedure (roaming) 118

4.5.11 Match Procedure (non-roaming) 120

4.5.12 Match Procedure (roaming) 121

4.5.13 Direct Discovery Procedure for Model B 123

4.6 ProSe Direct Communication 123

4.6.1 Radio Aspects and Physical Layer Design 124

4.6.2 Radio Resource Allocation for Direct Communication 125

4.6.3 Inter-frequency ProSe Communication 127

4.6.4 IP Address Allocation 128

4.6.5 One-to-Many Communication (Transmission) 128

4.6.6 One-to-Many Communication (Reception) 130

4.6.7 Direct Communication via ProSe Relay 130

4.7 EPC-Level ProSe Discovery 131

4.7.1 EPC-Level ProSe Discovery Procedure 132

4.7.2 User Equipment Registration 133

4.7.3 Application Registration 134

4.8 Other Essential Functions for Proximity Services 135

4.8.1 Provisioning 135

4.8.2 Subscription Data 136

4.8.3 Security 136

4.8.4 Charging 138

4.8.5 ProSe-Related Identifiers 140

4.8.6 Illustration for Match Event 144

4.9 Deployment Scenarios 146

4.9.1 ProSe Direct Discovery 146

4.9.2 ProSe Direct Communication 147

4.10 Public Safety Use Cases 147

4.10.1 Use Cases for ProSe Communication 148

4.10.2 Use Cases for Network to UE Relay 149

4.10.3 Performance Characteristics 149

4.11 Outlook to Enhanced Proximity Services 150

4.12 Terms and Definitions 151

4.12.1 Home PLMN 151

4.12.2 Equivalent Home PLMN 151

4.12.3 Visited PLMN 151

4.12.4 Registered (Serving) PLMN 152

4.12.5 Local PLMN 152

4.12.6 Hybrid Adaptive Repeat and Request 152

4.12.7 Radio Link Control 152

4.12.8 Logical Channel Prioritization 153

4.12.9 System Information 153

4.12.10 OFDM Symbol 154

4.12.11 Dual-Rx UE 154

References 154

5 Group Communication Over LTE 157

5.1 Introduction to Group Communication Services 157

5.2 Group Communication System Enablers for LTE 158

5.3 Principles of Group Communication over LTE 159

5.4 Functional Entities 162

5.4.1 User Equipment 162

5.4.2 GCS AS 162

5.4.3 BM-SC 163

5.4.4 eNB, MME, S-GW, P-GW, PCRF 163

5.5 Interfaces and Protocols 163

5.5.1 MB2 Interface 163

5.5.2 Rx and SGi Interfaces 167

5.6 GCSE Functions 169

5.6.1 Unicast Delivery 169

5.6.2 MBMS Delivery 171

5.6.3 Service Continuity 172

5.6.4 Priority and Preemption 173

5.6.5 MBMS Delivery Status Notification 175

5.7 Establishment of MBMS Delivery 175

5.7.1 Pre-establishment 175

5.7.2 Dynamic Establishment 176

5.8 MBMS Delivery Procedures 179

5.8.1 MBMS Delivery Modification 179

5.8.2 MBMS Delivery Deactivation 181

5.8.3 TMGI Management 182

5.9 Access Control 183

5.10 Mission Critical Push To Talk 185

5.10.1 MCPTT Service Description 186

5.10.2 MCPTT Call Types 187

5.10.3 MCPTT Priorities 187

5.10.4 Shareable MCPTT Devices 188

5.10.5 On and Off Network Mode of Operation 188

5.10.6 Interworking with legacy PTT Systems 189

References 189

6 Summary and Outlook 191

6.1 Role of LTE 191

6.2 Public Safety Features 192

6.3 LTE for Public Safety 193

6.4 Outlook 196

References 196

Appendix A 197

A.1 Call Flows 197

A.1.1 Attach 197

A.1.2 Detach 200

A.1.3 Tracking Area Update 201

A.1.4 Paging 202

A.1.5 Service Request 203

A.1.6 X2-Based Handover 205

A.1.7 S1-Based Handover 206

A.1.8 MBMS Session Start 210

A.1.9 MBMS Session Stop 212

A.1.10 MBMS Session Update 213

A.1.11 UE-requested PDN Connectivity 214

A.1.12 Dedicated Bearer Context Activation 216

A.2 3GPP Reference Points 217

References 221

Index 223