Most lymphocytes recirculate throughout the body, migrating from blood through organized lymphoid tissues such as lymph nodes (LN) and Peyer's patches (PP), then to lymph and back to blood (GOWANS and KNIGHT 1964). Smaller numbers of lymphocytes migrate from blood to extranodal tissues such as pancreas and then through lymphatic vessels to LN (MACKAY et al. 1990). An important feature of this migration is the ability of lymphocytes to recognize and adhere to the surface of blood vessel endothelial cells before migrating through the vessel wall into surrounding tissue (CARLOS and HARLAN 1994; IMHOF and DUNON 1995; BUTCHER and PICKER 1996). Adhesion interactions of vascular endothelium with lymphocytes under flow or shear consist of at least four steps: (I) an initial transient sticking or rolling; (2) if the lymphocytes encounter appropriate activating or chemotactic factors in the local environment, rolling may be followed by a lymphocyte activation step that then leads to; (3) strong adhesion or sticking that may be followed by; (4) lym phocyte diapedesis into tissue (BUTCHER 1991; SHIMUZU et al. 1992; SPRINGER 1994; BARGATZE et al. 1995). Specific lymphocyte and endothelial adhesion molecules (AM) are involved in each step of this "adhesion cascade" (reviewed in CARLOS and HARLAN 1994; IMHOF and DUNON 1995; BUTCHER and PICKER 1996). This allows lymphocyte migration to be controlled at several different steps, leading to a combinatorial increase in specificity and sensitivity.

InhaltsangabeList of Contents.- VLA-4-Mediated Signaling.- Functions of ?4-?7-Integrins in Hematopoiesis, Lymphocyte Trafficking and Organ Development.- Regulation of Integrin Function by Inside-Out Signaling Mechanisms.- The Role of ?4-Integrins in T Lymphocyte Migration Into the Inflamed and Noninflamed Central Nervous System.- The Roles of ?4-Integrins in the Development of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus.- Immunosuppression by Blocking ?4-Integrins/VCAM-l Adhesion.- Virus-Induced T Cell Activation and the Inflammatory Response.- ?4 Integrins and Tumor Metastasis.- Organ-Specific Requirements for Cell Adhesion Molecules During Lymphoma Cell Dissemination.- The Ups and Downs of ?2?1-Integrin Expression: Contributions to Epithelial Cell Differentiation and the Malignant Phenotype.