This text reviews the anatomy and physiology of neuromodulation for treatment of various pathology of the human body, with specific emphasis on sacral neuromodulation for bladder and bowel dysfunction in the adult and pediatric populations. In addition to historical overview of the various methods of neuromodulation, present day applications will be discussed as well as possible future directions for use.Adult and Pediatric Neuromodulation will be of great value to medical professionals who are interested in the use of neuromodulation as a possible therapy option for their patients, particularly when other traditional or medical management options have failed. Each chapter is written by experts in the topic of various modalities of neuromodulation.

Jason P. Gilleran, MD
Assistant ProfessorOakland University William Beaumont School of MedicineComprehensive UrologyRoyal Oak, MIUSA

Seth A. Alpert, MDClinical Associate ProfessorProgram Director, Pediatric Urology FellowshipSection of Pediatric UrologyNationwide Childrens Hospital and The Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbus, OHUSA

Part I: Adults.- Basic Neuroanatomy and Neurophyysiology of the Lower Urinary Tract.- Neuromodulation for Non-Urologic Chronic Pain.- Sacral Neuromodulation for Overactive Blader.- Neuromodulation for Non-Obstructive Urinary Retention.- Peripheral Nerve Evaluation.- Use of Electromyography (EMG) in Neuromodulation.- Pudendal Neuromodulation.- Neuromodulation for Chronic Pelvic Pain.- Sacral Neuromodulation for Fecal Incontinence.- Posterior Tibial Nerve Stimulation.- Management of Complications and Revisions of Sacral Neuromodulation.- CNS Non-invasive Brain Stimulation.- The Future of Neuromodulation.- Part II: Pediatrics.- Pediatric Posterior Tibial Nerve Stimulation.- Parasacral Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) in Pediatric Bladder Dysfunction.- Neuromodulation for Treatment of Pediatric Defecatory Disorders.- Pediatric Sacral Neuromodulation fo Voiding Dysfunction.