This book is about recurring celiac disease, its diagnosis and management. It starts by discussing the pathogenesis of refractory celiac disease and the role of viruses, microbiota and genetics in this disease. It also covers the epidemiological aspects.

Refractory Celiac Disease is a unique resource on the topic written by a team of international experts in the topic and will be of great use to gastroenterologists and researchers in the field.

Georgia Malamut, MD, PhD, is Professor in Gastroenterology at Paris Descartes University. She was named Professor in 2015 in the department of -Gastroenterology of Hôpital Georges Pompidou APHP and is currently working in the Gastroenterology department of Cochin Hospital APHP in Paris. Since 2004, she has developed a strong interest in celiac disease, notably in severe cases resistant to gluten free diet. In parallel, she has developed a strong activity in clinical research, performed a PhD thesis under the supervision of N. Cerf-Bensussan (2009) and obtained Habilitation for Research Direction in 2013. Since 2008, she has participated in developing a French national network for diagnosis and care of refractory celiac disease and intestinal lymphomas. The European Society of Gastroenterology has recognized her contribution to the field by her nomination as Rising Star in 2013. She is the author of 87 publications in Pub Med including notably as first author in JCI in 2010, Gastroenterology in 2009, 2012 and as last author in 2019. Notably, her work highlights the role of the interleukine 15 in the pathogenesis of refractory celiac disease
Nadine Cerf-Bensussan, MD, PhD,  is INSERM Research Director of Exceptional Class since 2011, head of the INSERM laboratory of Intestinal Immunity since 1998. This laboratory has become part of Institut Imagine in 2014. NCB has longstanding interest in gut human immunopathology, notably in the field of celiac disease and refractory celiac disease. Her work in this field has been awarded Prix Charles Debray in Gastroenterology (1990), Prix Rosa Lamarca for Clinical Research (2001), Prix de Recherche INSERM (2014) and Celiac Tampere Prize (2018). She was awarded several Interface contracts from Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris to support her contribution to innovative clinical research in the field of adult severe enteropathies and, in 2013, an advanced grant from the European Councilto develop a project on early onset enteropathies. She has been member of the executive Committee of Imagine,  of several National (INSERM) or International boards (Society for Mucosal Immunology, Society for Research on Celiac Disease) and is presently the coordinator of the Transversal Program of Inserm on Microbiota. She has published 216 articles in Pubmed with H index of 67. She has notably published as senior or cosenior author articles in Gastroenterology Gut, , Immunity and Nature. She has licensed anti-human CD103 antibody, which stains the normal and abnormal intraepithelial lymphocytes of refractory celiac disease.

1. Introduction.- 2. Pathogenesis of refractory celiac disease (I): role of virus and microbiota.- 3.Pathogenesis of refractory celiac disease (II): from refractory celiac disease to overt lymphoma.- 4. Pathogenesis of refractory celiac disease (III): genetic basis.-5. From unresponsive celiac disease to refractory celiac disease.- 6. Epidemiology of refractory celiac disease.- 7. Diagnosis of refractory celiac disease: Isolation-flow phenotyping and clonality.- 8.Diagnosis of refractory celiac disease: pathology.- 9. The other causes of severe enteropathy with villous atrophy non responsive to a gluten free diet.- 10.Treatment of Refractory Celiac disease.