Conditions such as oxidative stress and hypoxia, which have a generalized impact on the oxygen metabolism, have been implicated in the genesis of kidney disease. This means that deepening our understanding of the pathobiology of oxygen metabolism in such diseases could be a fruitful path towards tangible clinical benefits. Studies in Renal Disorder collects reviews from leading researchers and clinical scientists working in exactly this field, providing an overview of the latest advances. The causal role of impaired oxygen metabolism in kidney disease has numerous clinical implications. It affects our understanding of the therapeutic benefits accruing from anti-hypertensive agents; the way we control hyperglycemia/hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipidemia; and our use of dietary approaches to the correction of obesity. The defensive mechanisms against oxidative stress, such as the Nrf2-Keap1 system, and hypoxia, such as the PHD-HIF system, have recently been explored in various cells, including kidney cells. These mechanisms include intracellular sensors for oxidative stress and hypoxia. This means that novel approaches targeting these sensors may offer clinical benefits in kidney disease in which oxidative stress and/or hypoxia is a final, common pathway.

Preface Toshio Miyata, Kai-Uwe Eckardt, Masaomi Nangaku Section 1. a¿¿Oxidative Stress¿ Oxidative Stress Pathology in Renal Disorders Chapter 1. Oxidative stress injury in glomerular mesangium by Josef Pfeilschifter and Karl-Friedrich Beck. Chapter 2. Transition Metals and other Forms of Oxidative Protein Damage in Renal Disease by Vincent M. Monnier, Ina Nemet, David R. Sell and Miriam F. Weiss Chapter 3. Cyclo-oxygenase in the kidney and oxidative stress by Raymond C. Harris Chapter 4. Renin angiotensin system in the kidney and oxidative stress -Local Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System and NAD(P)H oxidase-dependent oxidative stress in the kidney- by Hideyasu Kiyomoto, Hiroyuki Kobori and Akira Nishiyama Chapter 5. Thiamine in diabetic renal disease - dietary insufficiency, renal washout, anti-stress gene response, therapeutic supplements, risk predictor and link to genetic susceptibility by Paul J. Thornalley and Naila Rabbani Chapter 6. Novel members of the globin family and their function against oxidative stress by Hiroshi Nishi and Masaomi Nangaku Clinical Aspects of Oxidative Stress in the Kidney Chapter 7. Hypertension by Bernardo Rodriguez-Iturbeand Nosratola D. Vaziri Chapter 8. Uric acid and oxidative stress by Richard J Johnson Chapter 9. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, oxidative and nitrosative stress and their role in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury by Eisei Noiri, Francesco Addabbo and Michael Goligorsky Chapter 10. Oxidative stress in the kidney: proximal tubule disorders by Sara Terryn and Olivier Devuyst Chapter 11. Iron metabolism and oxidative stress by Anupam Agarwal Chapter 12. Hypoxia, oxidative stress and the pathophysiology of contrast-media-induced nephropathy by Samuel Heyman, Seymour Rosen, Mogher Khamais, Jean-Marc Odee and Christian Rosenberge Chapter 13. Cardiovascular complications in renal failure: implications of advanced glycation end-products and their receptor, RAGE by Yoshiki Nishizawa and Hidenori Koyama Chapter 14. Infection and the kidney by Chih-Wei Yang Chapter 15. Oxidative/carbonyl stress in the renal circulation and cardiovascular renal injury by Takefumi Mori and Sadayoshi Ito Current Therapy Targeting Oxidative Stress Chapter 16. Renin angiotensin system by Josephine M Forbes and Mark E Cooper Chapter 17. Oxidative stress in kidney injury-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-i§ agonists are in control by Li-Jun Ma and Agnes Fogo Chapter 18. Statin by Ravi Nistala and Adam T. Whaley-Connell Chapter 19. N-acetylcysteine in kidney disease by Giancarlo Marenzi, Erminio Sisillo and Antonio L. Bartorelli Chapter 20. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) inhibitor by Takashi Dan, Charles van Ypersele de Strihou and Toshio Miyata Section 2. a¿¿Hypoxia¿ Hypoxia Biology Chapter 21. Involvement of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 in physiological and pathological responses to continuous and intermittent hypoxia: Role of reactive oxygen species by Gregg L. Semenza Chapter 22. Regulation of oxygen homeostasis by PHDs by Kotaro Takedaand Guo-Hua Fong Chapter 23. Oxygen-dependent regulation of erythropoiesis by Volker Haase Chapter 24. Intricate link between hypoxia and oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease by Tetsuhiro Tanaka Chapter 25. RNA interference and the regulation of renal gene expression in hypoxia by Carsten Scholz, Colin R. Lenihan, Cormac T. Taylor and Ulrike Bruning. Hypoxia Pathology in Renal Disorders Chapter 26.Cardio-renal connection: The role of hypoxia and oxidative stress by Carsten Willam, Tilmann Ditting, Roland Veelken and Johannes Jacobi Chapter 27. HIF in acute kidney injury - from pathophysiology to a novel approach of organ protection