Ortwin Renn Thomas Wehler Peter Wiedemann In late July of 1992 the small and remote mountain resort of Morschach in the Swiss Alps became a lively place of discussion, debate, and discourse. Over a three-day period twenty-two analysts and practitioners of public participation from the United States and Europe came together to address one of the most pressing issues in contemporary environmental politics: How can environmental policies be designed in a way that achieves both effective protection of nature and an adequate representation of public values? In other words, how can we make the environmental decision process competent and fair? All the invited scholars from academia, international research institutes, and governmental agencies agreed on one fundamental principle: For environmental policies to be effective and legitimate, we need to involve the people who are or will be affected by the outcomes of these policies. There is no technocratic solution to this problem. Without public involvement, environmental policies are doomed to fail. The workshop was preceded by a joint effort by the three editors to develop a framework for evaluating different models of public participation in the environmental policy arena. During a preliminary review of the literature we made four major observations. These came to serve as the primary motivation for this book. First, the last decade has witnessed only a fair amount of interest within the sociological or political science communities in issues of public participation.

Foreword. Preface: Democracy and Science; T. Dietz. 1. A Need for Discourse on Citizen Participation: Objectives and Structure of the Book; O. Renn, T. Webler, P. Wiedemann. 2. A Brief Primer on Participation: Philosophy and Practice; T. Webler, O. Renn. 3. Right'' Discourse in Citizen Participation: An Evaluative Yardstick; T. Webler. 4. The Redemption of Citizen Advisory Committees: A Perspective from Critical Theory; F. M. Lynn, J. D. Kartez. 5. Citizens'' Advisory Committee as a Model For Public Participation: A Multiple-Criteria Evaluation; A. Vari. 6. Planning Cells: A Gate to Fractal'' Mediation; P. C. Dienel, O. Renn. 7. Review of Planning Cells'': Problems of Legitimation; H.-J. Seiler. 8. Citizens'' Juries: One Solution for Difficult Environmental Questions; N. Crosby. 9. The Citizens'' Jury as Model of Public Participation: A Critical Evaluation; A. Armour. 10. The Varresbecker Bach Participatory Process: The Model of Citizen Initiatives; F. Claus. 11. The Varresbecker Bach Participatory Process: An Evaluation; J. Linnerooth- Bayer. 12. Regulatory Negotiation as a Form of Public Participation; D. Fiorino. 13. Regulatory Negotiation as Citizen Participation: A Critique; S. G. Hadden. 14. Mediation; M. Baughman. 15. Environmental Mediation: Insights into the Microcosm and Outlooks for Political Implications; W. Nothdurft. 16. Voluntary Siting of Noxious Facilities: The Role of Compensation; H. Kunreuther. 17. Voluntary Siting of Noxious Facilities: Additional Thoughts and Empirical Evidence; F. Oberholzer-Gee, B. S. Frey. 18. Direct Participation in Macro-Issues: A Multiple Group Approach. An Analysis and Critique of the Dutch National Debate on Energy Policy, Fairness, Competence, and Beyond; C. J. H. Midden. 19. The Dutch Study Groups Revisited; J. L. Mumpower. 20. The Pursuit of Fair and Competent Citizen Participation; O. Renn, T. Webler, P. Wiedemann. Appendix: Biographies of Authors. Index.